SCIENCE

• Introduction to measurement and mathematics in physics
  
• Optics and optical instruments
  
• Force
  
• Light and electricity
  
• Motion and gravity
  
• Magnetism and electric circuits
  
• Momentum and energy
  
• Electrochemistry and electrical devices
  
• Solids, liquids, gasses, and fluids
  
• Radiation and nuclear energy
  
• Heat
  
• Theory of Relativity
  
• Wave motions and sound

Forces And Motion Dynamics

• Inertial And Non - Inertial Reference Frames
  
• Newtons Second Law
  
• Frictional Forces
  
• Static And Kinetic Friction
  
• Kinetic Friction
  
• Circular Motion
  
• Universal Gravitation
  
• Keplers Laws

Simple Harmonic Motion And Oscillations

• Simple Harmonic Motion
  
• Periodic Motion
  
• Motion Of A Point
  
• Some Definitions
  
• Energy
  
• Torsional Oscillator
  
• Motion Of A Pendulum
  
• Properties
  
• Complex Harmonic Motion

The Characteristics Of Electricity

• The Atom
• Charges
• Conductors
• Electricity
• Fundamentals
• Ohms Law
• Circuits
• Work Energy And Power

Renewable Fuel Sources For Electricity

• Renewable Source Of Fuels
• Wind Generators
• Hydroelectric Power
• Solar Thermal Systems
• Geothermal Energy

Sources Of Electricity

• Sources Of Electricity
• Thermocouples And Piezo Electric
• Crystals

Transmitting Electric Current

• Transmitting Electric Power
• Direction Of Current Flow
• Series And Parallel Circuits
• Ohms Law And Kirchhoffs Law

Fuel - Sources Of Electricity

• Pros And Cons Of Fuels
• Renewable Source Of Electric Power
• Nuclear Fuels
• Types

Some Devices That Use Electricity

• Devices That Use Electricity
• Electric Car
• Electric Eye
• Electric Furnace
• Electric Meter
• Electric Switch
• Telegraph And Telephone
• Electric Circuits

Electric Power

• Electric Power
• Uses Of Electricity

Electrical Fuse

• Circuit Breaker
• Detonating Device

Producing Heat And Light From Electricity

• Heat And Light From Electricity
• Electric Arc
• Incandescent Lamps
• Gaseous Discharge Lamps
• Other Sources Of Electric Light

Circuit Breaker

• Circuit Breaker

Newton's Laws Of Motion

• Forces
• Newton's First Law
• Newton's Second Law
• Mass And Weight
• Newton's Third Law
• Free Body Diagrams

Energy Work And Power

• Energy
• Kinetic Energy
• Potential Energy
• Power
• Percent Efficiency

Waves And Sound

• Wave Motion
• Longitudinal Waves
• Wave Characteristics
• Superposition
• Standing Waves
• Characteristics
• Standing Wave
• Sound Intensity And Pitch
• Doppler Effect
• Forced Vibrations And Resonance

Turning Magnetism Into Electricity

• Turning Magnetism Into Electricity
  
• The Motor And Electromagnetism
  
• The Generator
  
• The Electric Motor
  

Electrical Gravitational And Magnetic Fields

• Universal Gravitation
  
• Coulombs Law
  
• Electric Fields And Lines Of Force
  
• Electrostatic Potential
  
• Electric Potential
  
• Electromagnetic Forces And Fields
  
• Forces On A Moving Charge
  
• The Sentence

Electricity And Magnetism

• Electrostatics
  
• Electric Charges
  
• Electric And Magnetic Fields
  
• Permanent Magnets
  
• Electric Current
  
• Current Convention
  
• Electric Potential
  
• Work Energy And Power
  
• Electromagnetic Induction
  
• Motor Principle
  
• DC And AC Voltage
  

Controlling Electricity

• Controlling Electricity
• Effects Of Electricity
• Measuring Electricity

The Wave Nature of Light

• Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum
  
• Polarization
  
• Interference And Coherent Sources
  
• Diffraction

Matter Energy Interface

• Relativity
  
• Time Dilation And Lorentz Contraction
  
• Lorentz Contraction
  
• Quantum Mechanics
  
• The PhotoElectric Effect
  
• Wave Particle Duality
  
• De Broglie Waves
  
• Atomic Structure

Discovery Of Radioactivity

• Radioactivity
  
• Discovery Of Rays
  
• Exponential Decay Law
  
• Artificial Radioactivity
  
• Discovery Of Neutrons
  
• Nuclear Reactions
  
• Particle Accelerator
  
• Forces Inside Nucleus

Concepts Of Radioactivity

• The Atom
  
• Things Smaller Than The Atom
  
• Ionization
  
• Atomic Nomenclature
  
• Periodic Table Of Elements
  
• Radioactivity
  
• Quarks
  
• Einstein Equation
  
• Anti Matter
  
• Masses Of The Nucleons

Models Of Atomic Structure

• Plum Pudding Model
  
• Rutherford's Nuclear Model
  
• Bohr Shell Model
  
• Formulation Of Quantum Numbers
  
• Moseley's X-Ray Studies

Particles Inside Atom

• Electrons
  
• The Atomic Nucleus
  
• Sub Atomic Particles
  
• Quarks
  
• Hadrons
  
• Leptons
  
• Classification Of Particles
  
• The Discovery Of Antiparticles

Atom And Its Structure

• The Atoms
  
• The Size Of Atoms
  
• Modern Atomic Theory
  
• Discovery Of Electrons
  
• Atomic Nucleus
  
• Positive Ions
  
• Subatomic Particles

Nuclear Power Plants

• Concepts Of Basic Nuclear fission
  
• Applications Of Nuclear Fission
  
• Types Of Reactors
  
• Nuclear Disasters And Accidents

What Is Electricity

• What Is Electricity
  
• Kinds Of Electricity
  
• What Is Power
  
• Conductors, Semiconductors and Insulators
  
• What Is Resistance
  
• Electric Field
  
• Direct Versus Alternating Current

Heat

• What Is Heat
  
• Caloric Theory
  
• Thermo Dynamics
  
• Transmission Of Heat
  
• Measuring Heat
  
• Sources Of Heat
  
• Effects Of Heat
  
• Using Heat Energy
  
• Refrigeration
  
• Preventing Heat Loss

Introduction To Chemistry

• Things That Matter Most
  
• Measurement And Metric
  
• Metric Prefixes
  
• Scientific Notation
  
• Volume And Density
  
• Solving Problems
  
• Energy
  
• Specific Heat Capacity

Metallurgy - Ores And Their Formation

• Ores And Their Formation
  
• Forms Of Ore Minerals
  
• Formation Of Mineral Deposits
  
• Magmatic Concentration Or Segregation

Comparative Study Of Nitrogen Group

• Physical Traits
  
• Electronic Configuration
  
• Comparison Of Chemical Behaviour

Thermochemistry And Chemical Kinetics

• Role Of Energy
  
• Heat Of Reaction
  
• Hess's Law
  
• Heats Of Reaction
  
• Chemical Kinetics
  
• Factors
  
• Spontaneity of Reactions

Advanced Electrochemistry

• Electro Chemistry
  
• Electrodes
  
• Electrolysis
  
• Use Of Electrolysis
  
• Electrolyte
  
• Electrolytic Cells
  
• Electrolysis Of Water
  
• Electro Plating
  
• Galvanic Cells
  
• Redox Reactions
  
• Functions Of Galvanic Cells
  
• Adding Standarad Reduction Potential
  
• Thermodynamics
  
• Electolysis-1
• Battery
  
• Oxidation Reduction Reaction

Radiometric Dating

• Basics
  
• Carbon 14 method
  
• Potassium-Argon Method
  
• Rubidium Strontium Method
  
• Thorium-230
  
• Using Lead
  
• Fission Track Dating

Chemical Bonds

• Bond Types
  
• Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory
  
• Describing A Bond
  
• The Two Types Of Chemical Bonds
  
• Properties Of A Bond
  
• Ionic Bonding
  
• Covalent Bonding
  
• Lewis Structures
  
• Formal Charge
  
• Exceptions To The Octet Rule
  
• Molecular Geometry

• Equivalent Weight Of A Metal

The Atomic Theory

• The Atomic Theory
  
• The Atom
  
• Atomic Weights
  
• Molecular Hypothesis
  
• Valency

Atomic Structure

• Atomic Number
  
• Atomic Mass
  
• Molar Mass
  
• Five Atomic Models
  
• Quantum numbers
  
• Electron Configuration
  
• Octet Rule

Introduction To Periodic Table

• Element And Atom
  
• Atomic Number And Isotopes
  
• Chemical Reaction
  
• Atomic Quantum Numbers
  
• Principle Quantum Number
  
• The Orbital Shape
  
• Magnetic Quantum number
  
• Spin Quantum Numbers
  
• Orbital Energy Diagrams
  
• Multi Electron Atoms
  
• Energy Of Electrons
  
• Electron Configuration
  
• Valence Electrons
  
• The Octect Rule
• Diamagnetism And Paramagnetism
  
• Mass Number
  
• Periodic Table
  
• Names Of Elements
  
• Atomic Number
  
• Periodic Table Creation
  
• Simple Periodic Trends
  
• Additional Periodic Trends
  
• Cations And Anions
  
• Ionization Energy
  
• Ionization Energy Across
  
• Ionization Energy Down
  
• Electron Affinity
  
• Electron Affinitty Across Periods
  
• Electron Affinity Down Group
• Electronegativity
  
• Artificial Elements
  
• Element 105
  
• Element 106
  
• Element 107
  
• Element 108
  
• Element 109

Periodic Table Groups Of Elements

• Fundamentals Of The Periodic Table
  
• Sorting The Elements
  
• Groups And Periods
  
• Metals Nonmetals And Metalloids
  
• Hydrogen
  
• Alkali Metals
  
• The Alakaline Earth Metals
  
• The Metal Reactivity Series
  
• The Transition Metals
  
• Group 3 Elements
  
• Group 4 Elements
  
• Group 5 Elements
  
• Group 6 Elements
• Group 7 Elements
  
• Group 8 Elements

Moles

• Given Grams, Convert To Moles
  
• Practice Problems
  
• Given Grams, Convert To Moles - 1
  
• Practice Problems - 1
  

Moles And Mole Conversions

• Molar Ratios
  
• Practice Problems
  
• Mole - Mole Problems
  
• Practice Problems Mole - Mole
  
• Mole - Mass Problems
  
• Practice Problems Mole - Mass
  
• Mass - Mass Problems
  
• Sample Stoichiometric Calculations

Helium

• Properties Of Helium
  
• Discovery And Distribution
  
• Helium And The Alpha Particle
  
• Isotopes
  
• Uses
  
• Helium Dating
  
• Cryogenics And Helium
  
• Uses Of Cryogenics
  
• Superfluidity
  
• Superconductivity
  

Hydrogen

• Hydrogen In The Sun And On Earth
  
• Varieties Of Hydrogen Atoms
  
• History
  
• Physical Properties Of Hydrogen
  
• Diffusion Of Hydrogen
  
• Nascent Hydrogen
  
• Ortho - Hydrogen And Para - Hydrogen
  
• Chemical Reactions
  
• Isotopes Of Hydrogen
  
• Early Preparations Of Hydrogen
  
• Industrial Production Of Hydrogen
  
• Uses
  
• Hydrogen - The Lightest Substance And Its Uses
  
• Analysis
  
• Hydrogen Peroxide
• Thermonuclear Bomb
  

Lead

• History
  
• Properties
  
• Occurrence
  
• Mining And Concentrating
  
• Extraction
  
• Refining
  
• Uses
  
• Lead And Its Alloys
  
• Chemical Compounds
  
• Oxides
  
• Silicates
  
• Carbonates
  
• Chromates
  
• Other Lead Compounds
  

Nitrogen

• Nitrogen
  
• Discovery
  
• Occurrence
  
• Properties And Uses
  
• Biological And Physiological Significance
  
• Compounds
  
• Commercial Production
  
• Uses
  
• Nitrogen Fixation
  
• Chemical Properties
  
• Analytical Chemistry
  

Oxygen

• The Life Sustaining Element
  
• Preparation of Oxygen
  
• Catalysts
  
• Properties of Oxygen
  
• Oxidation and Reduction
  
• Acids And Bases
  
• Group VIa
  
• History
  
• Comparison Of Properties Of Group VIa Elements
  
• Catenation
  
• Isotopes
  
• Allotropy
  
• Methods Of Preparation
  
• Commercial Production And Use
  
• Chemical Properties And Reactions
• Ozone
  

Zinc

• Zinc - Group II b
  
• Properties
  
• Occurence And Uses
  
• Chemical Compounds
  
• Producing Chemical Compounds Of Zinc
  
• Medical Compounds
  
• The Metal And Its Alloys
  
• Extraction And Refining
  
• Ores
  
• Mining And Concentrating
  
• Roasting And Sintering
  
• Electrolysis
  
• The Zinc-Lead Blast Furnace
  
• Distillation Refining

Gas And Gas Laws

• What Is Gas
  
• Ideal Gas Formula
  
• Gas laws
  
• Third Law
  
• Dalton Law
  
• Gas Law Calculation

The Law Of Chemical Combination

• Basic Properties of Chemical Reactions
  
• Law of Conservation of Mass
  
• Laws Of Chemical Combinations
  
• Law of Combining Weights

Organic Hydrocarbons & Their Structure

• Classes
  
• Hydrocarbons
  
• Alkanes
  
• Isomers
  
• Naming System
  
• Alkenes
  
• Alkynes
  
• Aromatic
  
• Compounds
  
• Alcohols
  
• Tertiary Alcohols
  
• Dihydroxy And Trihydroxy
  
• Carbonyl Group
• Aldehydes
  
• Ketones
  
• Organic Acids
  
• Organic Nitrogen
  
• Amino Acids
  
• Organic Compounds
  
• Organic Reactions
  
• Substitution
  
• Addition
  
• Fermentation
  
• Esterification
  
• Fatty Acids
  
• Saponification
  
• Oxidation
  
• Polymers
• Polymerization
  
• Addition Polymerization

Organic Quantum Chemistry

• Forces Affecting Orbitals
  
• The Fundamentals Atom
  
• Quantum Number And Atomic Orbitals
  
• Orbitals Energy
  
• Multi Electrons Atoms
  
• Order Of Filling Orbitals
  
• Valency And Valence Electrons
  
• Octet Rule
  
• Ions And Ionic Bond
  
• Ionization Energy And Electron Affinity
  
• Ionic Bond
  
• Describing Orbitals
  
• Valence Bond Theory
  
• Molecular Orbital Theory
  
• Covalent Bond

Basics Of Organic Chemistry

• Organic Chemistry
  
• Hydrocarbons
  
• Organic Molecules
  
• Isomerism
  
• Alkanes
  
• Carbon Substitution
  
• Alkenes And Alkynes
  
• Isomerism In Alkenes
  
• Conformations
  
• Introduction To Conformation
  
• Visualizing Conformations
  
• Ethane
  
• Steric Hindrance
  
• Higher Alkanes
• Carbocycles
  
• Cycloalkanes
  
• Ring Strain
  
• Cyclohexane
  
• Polycyclic Compounds

Energy Changes During Chemical Reactions

• Energy Changes During Chemical Reactions
  
• Hess Law Of Constant Heat Summation
  
• Calculation Of The Heat Of Reaction
  
• Heat Of Combustion

Types And Energies Of Chemical Reactions

• Types And Energies Of Chemical Reactions
  
• Characteristics Of A Chemical Reaction
  
• Classifying Reactions Based On Energy Use
  
• Types Of Reaction
  
• Reactions Needing Less Start Energy
  
• Entropy
  
• Modern Classification Systems
  
• Synthesis
  
• Decomposition Reactions
  
• Polymerization
  
• Chain Reactions
  
• Substitution, Elimination, Addition Reactions
  
• Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
  
• Acid-Base Reaction

Chemical Equations And Energies

• Chemical Symbols
  
• Types Of Chemical Formulas
  
• Chemical Reaction
  
• Chemical Bonding
  
• Types Of Bonds
  
• Valence
  
• Resonance
  
• Systematic Names
  
• Types Of Chemical Reactions
  
• Energetics Of A Chemical Reaction
  
• Chemical Rates And Mechanisms
  
• Chemical Equilibrium
  
• Chemical Equations
  
• Chemical Synthesis Of New Items

Reaction Velocity And Chemical Equilibrium

• Reaction Velocity And Chemical Equilibrium
  
• Velocity of Chemical Reaction
  
• Effect of Concentration
  
• Effect of Temperature
  
• Reversible Reactions and Chemical Equilibrium
  
• Effect of Temperature on Chemical Equilibria
  
• Volatility And Solubility Of Products

Chemical Equilibrium

• Reversiable Reactions
  
• Lechatlier Principles
  
• Effect Of Concentration
  
• Common Ion Effect
  
• Effect Of Pressure
  
• Effect Of Temperature
  
• Effect Of Catalyst
  
• Equlibrium Constant
  
• Chemical Equilibrium
  
• Problems Involving Equilibrium

Reaction Kinetics

• Separation And Analysis
  
• Mechanisms And Kinetics
  
• What Reaction Mechanisms Tell Us
  
• Factors That Decide The Course Of Reaction

Advanced Electrochemistry

• Electro Chemistry
  
• Electrodes
  
• Electrolysis
  
• Use Of Electrolysis
  
• Electrolyte
  
• Electrolytic Cells
  
• Electrolysis Of Water
  
• Electro Plating
  
• Galvanic Cells
  
• Redox Reactions
  
• Functions Of Galvanic Cells
  
• Adding Standarad Reduction Potential
  
• Thermodynamics
  
• Electolysis-1
• Battery
  
• Oxidation Reduction Reaction

Acid Base Theory

• Acids And Base
  
• Bronsted Lowery Theory
  
• Properties Of Acids
  
• Properties Of Bases
  
• Strong Acids Vs Strong Base
  
• Swallow Strong Base
  
• Looks Like Acid
  
• Conjugate Acid Base Pairs
  
• Lewis Theory

Catalysis And Catalytic Reactions

• Catalysis And Catalytic Reactions
  
• Catalytic Reactions
  
• Catalysts In Nature - Enzymes
  
• Mechanism Of Catalysts
  
• Classification Of Catalysts
  
• Homogenous Catalysis
  
• Heterogenous Catalysis
  
• Acid or base catalysis
  
• Adsorption

Carbon And Its Compounds

• Chemistry Of Carbon
  
• Availability
  
• Allotropy
  
• Properties
  
• Inorganic Carbon Compounds
  
• Halides Of Carbon
  
• Carbides Of Carbon
  
• Organic Compounds
  
• Isotopes
  
• Isomerism
  
• Uses Of Carbon
  
• Bonding
  
• Nomenclature
  
• Hydrocarbons
• Alkanes
  
• Branched Chain Compound
  
• Cyclic Compound
  
• Naming An Organic Compound
  
• Common Organic Compounds
  
• Suffixes Or Prefixes

Electro Chemistry

• Redox Reactions
  
• Oxidation
  
• Is It A Redox Reaction
  
• Half Reactions
  
• Iron Electron
  
• Spontaneous Redox
  
• Electro Chemical Cells
  
• Salt Bridges
  
• Half Cell
  
• Standard Hydrogen Half Cell

Stoichiometry

• Need Moles
  
• Chemical Formula
  
• Percents By Weights
  
• Basic Stoichiometry
  
• Density Times Mass
  
• Atoms Molecules Moles
  
• Concentration Times
  
• Gases
  
• STP Gas
  
• Concentration Density Problems
  
• Problems Using All Techniques

Molar Heat Of Vaporization

• Molar Heat Of Vaporization

The Conservation Of Mass And Energy

• The Conservation Of Mass And Energy

An Introduction To Solutions

• Solutions And Solubility
  
• Molarity
  
• More About Molarity Problems
  
• Dilution - Definitions And Calculations
  
• Molality
  
• General Rules Of Solubility
  
• Vapor Pressure

Standard Enthalpy Of Formation

• Standard Enthalpy Of Formation
  
• Test Yourself

Calculating Equlibrium Constant

• Calculating Equlibrium Constant
  
• Equilibrium From Initial Concentrations

The Kinetic Molecular Theory Of Ideal Gases

• Gas Laws And Calculations
  
• The Four Gas Law Variables
  
• Converting Between Celsius And Kelvin
  
• Converting Between Units Of Pressures
  
• Boyle's Law
  
• Charles' Law
  
• Gay-Lussac's Law
  
• Avogadro's Law
  
• The Pressure Mass Law
  
• The Mass Temperature Law
  
• Dalton's Law Of Pratial Pressure
  
• Deriving The Combined Gas Law
  
• The Ideal Gas Law
  
• Graham's Law
  
• Molar Volume
• Gas Density
  
• Vapor Pressure

Phosphorus

• Phosphorus
  
• Properties
  
• Principal Compounds
  
• Occurrence And Distribution
  
• Commercial Production And Uses
  
• Chemical Properties And Reactions
  
• Differences Between Nirtogen And Phosphorus
  
• Analytical Chemistry
  
• Biological And Physiological Significance
  
• Isotopes Of Phosphorus

The VSEPR Theory Of Molecular Geometry

• The VSEPR Theory
  
• Three To Six Electron Domains
  
• Three Electron Domains
  
• Four Electron Domains
  
• Five Electron Domains
  
• Six Electron Domains
  
• VSEPR Structures Of Odd Electron Molecules
  
• Rules For Lewis Structures
  
• Resonance